Network Monitoring
TCPDUMP command
Display traffic in ASCII (-A) or HEX (-X):
Copy # tcpdump -A
# tcpdump -X Display traffic timestamps and avoid address conversion and be verbose:
Copy # tcpdump -tttt -n -vv Identify senders after receiving 1000 packets (possible DDoS attack):
Copy # tcpdump -nn -c 1000 | awk '{print $3}' | cut -d. -f1-4 | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -nr Capture all exchanged packets on all host interfaces and port 80, and save them to a file:
Copy # tcpdump -w <FILENAME>.pcap -i any dst <TARGET_IP_ADDRESS> and port 80 Display traffic between two hosts:
Copy # tcpdump host 10.0.0.1 and host 10.0.0.2 Display all traffic except for a specified network and host range:
Copy # tcpdump not net 10.10.0.0/16 and not host 192.168.1.2 Display traffic between Host 1 and other hosts:
Copy # tcpdump host 10.10.10.10 and \(host 10.10.10.20 or host 10.10.10.30\) Save a pcap file with a specified size:
Copy # tcpdump -n -s65535 -C 1000 -w '%host_%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S.pcap' Save a pcap file on another system:
Copy # tcpdump -w - | ssh <REMOTE_HOST_ADDRESS> -p 50005 "cat - > /tmp/remotecapture.pcap" Examine and search traffic for the word 'pass':
Copy # tcpdump -n -A -s0 | grep pass Examine and search traffic for clear text protocols:
Copy # tcpdump -n -A -s0 port http or port ftp or port smtp or port imap or port pop3 | egrep -i 'pass=|pwd=|log=|login=|user=|username=|pw=|passw=|passwd=|password=|pass:|user:|username:|password:|login:|pass|user' --color=auto --line-buffered -B20 Check power or throughput:
Copy # tcpdump -w - | pv -bert >/dev/null Filter ipv6 traffic:
Filter ipv4 traffic:
Script to save traffic from multiple interfaces to a file in a timely manner:
Copy #!/bin/bash
tcpdump -pni any -s65535 -G 3600 -w 'any%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S.pcap' Script for transferring tcpdump traffic files to other locations:
Copy #!/bin/bash
while true ; do
sleep 1 ;
rsync -azvr --progress < USER_NAM E > @ < IP_ADDRES S > : < TRAFFIC_DIRECTOR Y > / < DESTINATION_DIRECTOR Y > /
done Search for self-signed and suspicious certificates:
Copy # tcpdump -s 1500 -A '(tcp[((tcp[12:1] & 0xf0) >> 2)+5:1] = 0x01) and (tcp[((tcp[12:1] & 0xf0) >> 2):1] = 0x16)' Display SSL Certificates:
Copy # openssl s_client -connect <URL>:443
# openssl s_client -connect <SITE>:443 </dev/null 2>/dev/null | sed -ne '/-BEGIN CERTIFICATE-/,/-END CERTIFICATE-/p' > <CERT>.pem Check Self-Signed Certificates:
Copy # openssl x509 -text -in <CERT>.pem
# openssl x509 -in <CERT>.pem -noout -issuer -subject -startdate -enddate -fingerprint
# openssl verify <CERT>.pem Extract server name in certificates:
Copy # tshark -nr <PCAP FILE NAME> -Y "ssl.handshake.ciphersuites" -Vx | grep "Server Name:" | sort | uniq -c | sort -r Extract information about certificates:
Copy # ssldump -Nr <FILE NAME>.pcap | awk 'BEGIN {c=0;} { if ($0 ~ /Certificate$/) {c=1; print "========================================";} if ($0 !~/[[:space:]]+/) {c=0;} if (c==1) print $0; }' Check the status of applications and each port usage:
Copy netstat -aon | findstr '[port_number]'
tasklist | findstr '[PID]'
tasklist | findstr '[application_name]'
netstat -aon | findstr '[PID]' TSHARK Command Get network interfaces:
Check several network interfaces:
Copy tshark -i eth1 -i eth2 -i eth3 Save pcap and disable name resolution:
Copy tshark -nn -w < FILE NAM E > .pcap ... and more commands follow in similar fashion.
Extract POST request values
Copy tshark -Y "http.request.method==POST" -T fields -e http.file_data -r keeptryin.pcap Extract DNS response values
Copy codetshark -Y "dns.txt" -T fields -e dns.qry.name -n -r keeptryin.pcap SNORT Command Run a test on the snort settings file:
Copy # snort -T -c /<PATH TO SNORT>/snort/snort.conf Tools to inspect network traffic or PCAP files
EDITCAP tool Edit pcap files (separate 1000 packets):
Copy editcap -F pcap -c 1000 original.pcap out_split.pcap Edit pcap files (separate packets per hour):
Copy editcap -F pcap -t+3600 original.pcap out_split.pcap MERGECAP tool To merge several pcap files:
Copy mergecap -w merged_cap.pcap cap1.pcap cap2.pcap cap3.pcap Technique: HONEY
Windows
Honey Ports on Windows:
Source: http://securityweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/howtogetabetterpentest.pdf
Step 1: Create a firewall rule to identify and deny all connections to port 3333.
Copy echo @echo off for /L %%i in (1,1,1) do @for /f "tokens=3" %%j in ('netstat -nao | find "":3333 "') do @for /f "tokens=1 delims=:" %%k in ("%%j") do netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="HONEY TOKEN RULE" dir=in remoteip=%%k localport=any protocol=TCP action=block >> <BATCH_FILE_NAME>.bat Step 2: Execute the batch script.
Copy < BATCH_FILE_NAME > .bat ... (additional steps for honey hashes and detection methods with PowerShell and batch script)...
Linux
Honey Ports on Linux:
Source: http://securityweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/howtogetabetterpentest.pdf
Step 1: Create a loop to reject all requests to port 2222.
Copy while [ 1 ]; do IP=$(nc -v -l -p 2222 2>&1 | grep from | cut -d[ -f 3 | cut -d] -f 1); iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s ${IP} -j DROP; done Honey Port Script on Linux:
Source: https://github.com/gchetrick/honeyports/blob/master/honeyports-0.5.py
Step 1: Download the Python script.
Copy wget https://github.com/gchetrick/honeyports/blob/master/honeyports-0.5.py Step 2: Execute the Python script.
Copy python honeyports-0.5.py -p < CHOOSE_AN_OPEN_POR T > -h < HOST_IP_ADDRES S > ... (additional steps for using netcat, passive DNS monitoring, and log auditing)...
LOG AUDITING METHODS
Windows
Increase Log Size for Better Auditing:
Copy reg add HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\EventLog\Application /v MaxSize /t REG_DWORD /d 0x19000
reg add HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\EventLog\Security /v MaxSize /t REG_DWORD /d 0x64000
reg add HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\EventLog\System /v MaxSize /t REG_DWORD /d 0x19000 Check Security Log Settings:
For Audit Policy Settings:
Copy auditpol /get /category:* Set Log Auditing (successful or unsuccessful) in All Categories:
Copy C: \ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Detailed File
Share " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "File System"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Security System
Extension " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "System Integrity"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Security State
Change " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Other System
Events " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "System Integrity"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Logon"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Logoff"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Account Lockout"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Other Logon/Logoff
Events " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Network Policy
Server " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Registry"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "SAM"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Certification
Services " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Application
Generated " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > auditpol / set /subcategory: "Handle
Manipulation " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "file Share"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "filtering Platform
Packet Drop " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Filtering Platform
Connection " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Other Object Access
Events " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Detailed File
Share " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Sensitive Privilege
Use " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Non Sensitive
Privilege Use " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Other Privilege Use
Events " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Process
Termination " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "DPAPI Activity"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > audit pol /set /subcategory: "RPC Events"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Process Creation"
/success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Audit Policy
Change " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Authentication
Policy Change " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Authorization
Policy Change " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > audit pol /set /subcategory: "MPSSVC Rule-Level
Policy Change " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Filtering Platform
Policy Change " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Other Policy Change
Events " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "User Account
Management " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Computer Account
Management " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Security Group
Management " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Distribution Group
Management " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Application Group
Management " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Other Account
Management Events " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Directory Service
Changes " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > auditpol / set /subcategory: "Directory Service
Replication " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Detailed Directory
Service Replication " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Directory Service
Access " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Kerberos Service
Ticket Operations " /success:enable /failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Other Account Logan
Events " /success:enable /failure:enable
C: \ > audit pol /set /subcategory: "Kerberos
Authentication Service " /success:enable
/failure:enable
C:\ > auditpol /set /subcategory: "Credential
Validation " /success:enable /failure:enable Available Reports List and Sizes and Allowed:
Available reports list and their sizes and permitted:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog -list Partial List of Security Log Auditing Events Keys:
Partial list of keys for monitoring Security Log Auditing events:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog -newest 5 -logname application | Format-List Display Reports Remotely:
Displaying reports remotely:
Copy PS C:\> Show-Eventlog -computername <SERVER NAME> Display Event List Based on Event ID:
Displaying the list of events based on Event ID:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security | Where-Object { $_.Eventid -eq 4800}
PS C:\> Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName="Security"; ID=4774} Account Access - Audit Credential Validation for the Last 14 Days:
Logging in - Audit Credential Validation for the last 14 days:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security -InstanceId 4768,4771,4772,4769,4770,4649,4778,4779,4800,4801,4802,4803,5378,5632,5633 -after ((get-date).addDays(-14)) Account - Login and Logout:
Account - Logins and logouts:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security -InstanceId 4625,4634,4647,4624,4625,4648,4675,6272,6273,6274,6275,6276,6277,6278,6279,6280,4649,4778,4779,4800,4801,4802,4803,5378,5632,5633,4964 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Account Management - Audit Group Management Programs:
Account management - Managing the group of Audit apps:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security -InstanceId 4783,4784,4785,4786,4787,4788,4789,4790,4741,4742,4743,4744,4745,4746,4747,4748,4749,4750,4751,4752,4753,4759,4760,4761,4762,4782,4793,4727,4728,4729,4730,4731,4732,4733,4734,4735,4737,4754,4755,4756,4757,4758,4764,4720,4722,4723,4724,4725,4726,4738,4740,4765,4766,4767,4780,4781,4794,5376,5377 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Display Available Event Logs and their Sizes and Quota:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog -list Partial List of Security Log Auditing Events Key Monitoring:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog -newest 5 -logname application | Format-List Display Logs Remotely:
Copy PS C:\> Show-Eventlog -computername <SERVER NAME> Display Event List Based on Event ID:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security | Where-Object { $_.Eventid -eq 4800}
PS C:\> Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName="Security"; ID=4774} Account Login - Audit Credential Validation for the Last 14 Days:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security -InstanceId 4768,4771,4772,4769,4770,4649,4778,4779,4800,4801,4802,4803,5378,5632,5633 -after ((get-date).addDays(-14)) Account - Login and Logout:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security -InstanceId 4625,4634,4647,4624,4625,4648,4675,6272,6273,6274,6275,6276,6277,6278,6279,6280,4649,4778,4779,4800,4801,4802,4803,5378,5632,5633,4964 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Account Management - Audit Group Management Program:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security -InstanceId 4783,4784,4785,4786,4787,4788,4789,4790,4741,4742,4743,4744,4745,4746,4747,4748,4749,4750,4751,4752,4753,4759,4760,4761,4762,4782,4793,4727,4728,4729,4730,4731,4732,4733,4734,4735,4737,4754,4755,4756,4757,4758,4764,4720,4722,4723,4724,4725,4726,4738,4740,4765,4766,4767,4780,4781,4794,5376,5377 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Fine Tracking - Audit DPAPI Activity, Process Termination, RPC Events:
Copy PS C:\> Get-EventLog Security -InstanceId 4692,4693,4694,4695,4689,5712 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Domain Service Access - Audit Access to Directory Service:
Copy PS C:\> Get-EventLog Security -InstanceId 4662,5136,5137,5138,5139,5141 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Object Access - Audit File Share, File System, SAM, Registry, Certificates:
Copy PS C:\> Get-EventLog Security -InstanceId 4671,4691,4698,4699,4700,4701,4702,5148,5149,5888,5889,5890,4657,5039,4659,4660,4661,4663,4656,4658,4690,4874,4875,4880,4881,4882,4884,4885,4888,4890,4891,4892,4895,4896,4898,5145,5140,5142,5143,5144,5168,5140,5142,5143,5144,5168,5140,5142,5143,5144,5168,4664,4985,5152,5153,5031,5140,5150,5151,5154,5155,5156,5157,5158,5159 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Policy Change - Audit Policy Change, Microsoft Protection Service, Windows Filtering Platform:
Copy PS C:\> Get-EventLog Security -InstanceId 4715,4719,4817,4902,4904,4905,4906,4907,4908,4912,4713,4716,4717,4718,4739,4864,4865,4866,4867,4704,4705,4706,4707,4714,4944,4945,4946,4947,4948,4949,4950,4951,4952,4953,4954,4956,4957,4958,5046,5047,5048,5449,5450,4670 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Privilege Use - Audit Sensitive and Non-sensitive Service Privilege Use:
Copy PS C:\> Get-EventLog Security -InstanceId 4672,4673,4674 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) System - Audit Security State Change, Security System Extension, System Integrity, System Events:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Security -InstanceId 5024,5025,5027,5028,5029,5030,5032,5033,5034,5035,5037,5058,5059,6400,6401,6402,6403,6404,6405,6406,6407,4608,4609,4616,4621,4610,4611,4614,4622,4697,4612,4615,4618,4816,5038,5056,5057,5060,5061,5062,6281 -after ((get-date).addDays(-1)) Add Microsoft IIS Module:
Copy PS C:\> add-pssnapin WebAdministration
PS C:\> Import-Module WebAdministration Get Information about IIS:
Get IIS Path Information:
Copy PS C:\> (Get-WebConfigurationProperty '/system.applicationHost/sites/siteDefaults' -Name 'logfile.directory').Value List All Installed Software:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject -Query "SELECT * FROM Win32_Product" | Select-Object Name List Installed Software on Remote Computer:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject -Query "SELECT * FROM Win32_Product" -ComputerName <RemoteComputerName> | Select-Object Name Delete/Uninstall Software:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject -Query "SELECT * FROM Win32_Product WHERE Name = '<SoftwareName>'" | ForEach-Object { $_.Uninstall() } Query Users Connected to a Domain Controller:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_ComputerSystem -Property UserName Find Locked Out Accounts:
Copy PS C:\> Search-ADAccount -LockedOut | Select-Object UserPrincipalName
Note: Ensure you have the Active Directory module loaded (Import-Module ActiveDirectory) before executing.
Unlock User Account:
Copy PS C:\> Unlock-ADAccount -Identity <UserName> Check Service Status:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Service -Name <ServiceName> | Select-Object Status, Name, DisplayName Start a Service:
Copy PS C:\> Start-Service -Name <ServiceName> Stop a Service:
Copy PS C:\> Stop-Service -Name <ServiceName> Check Disk Space:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject Win32_LogicalDisk | Select-Object DeviceID, @{Name="Size(GB)";Expression={$_.Size/1GB -as [int]}}, @{Name="FreeSpace(GB)";Expression={$_.FreeSpace/1GB -as [int]}} List All Running Processes:
Copy PS C:\> Get-Process | Select-Object ProcessName, Id Kill a Process:
Copy PS C:\> Stop-Process -Id <ProcessId>
- or -
PS C:\> Stop-Process -Name <ProcessName> Get All Available Network Adapters:
Copy PS C:\> Get-NetAdapter | Select-Object Name, Status, MacAddress Enable Network Adapter:
Copy PS C:\> Enable-NetAdapter -Name <AdapterName> Disable Network Adapter:
Copy PS C:\> Disable-NetAdapter -Name <AdapterName> -Confirm:$false Get IP Configuration:
Copy PS C:\> Get-NetIPConfiguration | Select-Object InterfaceAlias, IPv4Address Set Static IP Address:
Copy PS C:\> New-NetIPAddress -InterfaceAlias <AdapterName> -IPAddress <IPAddress> -PrefixLength <SubnetPrefixLength> -DefaultGateway <DefaultGateway> Set DNS Servers:
Copy PS C:\> Set-DnsClientServerAddress -InterfaceAlias <AdapterName> -ServerAddresses <DNSServer1>,<DNSServer2> Create a New Folder:
Copy PS C:\> New-Item -Path <Path> -Name <FolderName> -ItemType Directory Copy a Folder/File:
Copy PS C:\> Copy-Item -Path <SourcePath> -Destination <DestinationPath> Move a Folder/File:
Copy PS C:\> Move-Item -Path <SourcePath> -Destination <DestinationPath> Delete a Folder/File:
Copy PS C:\> Remove-Item -Path <Path> -Recurse -Force Extract a Zip File:
Copy PS C:\> Expand-Archive -Path <PathToZip> -DestinationPath <ExtractPath> Compress Files into a Zip:
Copy PS C:\> Compress-Archive -Path <PathToFiles> -DestinationPath <PathToZip> Get System Uptime:
Copy PS C:\> (Get-Date) - (Get-CimInstance Win32_OperatingSystem).LastBootUpTime Check Memory Usage:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject Win32_OperatingSystem | Select-Object @{Name="FreeMemory(GB)";Expression={"{0:N2}" -f ($_.FreePhysicalMemory/1MB)}},@{Name="TotalMemory(GB)";Expression={"{0:N2}" -f ($_.TotalVisibleMemorySize/1MB)}} View Event Logs:
Copy PS C:\> Get-EventLog -LogName <LogName> -Newest <NumberOfEvents> Send an Email:
Copy PS C:\> Send-MailMessage -To "<RecipientEmail>" -From "<YourEmail>" -Subject "<Subject>" -Body "<Body>" -SmtpServer <SMTPServer> -Credential (Get-Credential) -UseSsl *Note: Use Get-Credential to provide username and password for the SMTP server.
Schedule a Task:
Copy PS C:\> $Action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute '<PathToExecutable>'
PS C:\> $Trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -At <StartTime> -RepetitionInterval <Interval>
PS C:\> Register-ScheduledTask -Action $Action -Trigger $Trigger -User "<Username>" -Password "<Password>" -TaskName "<TaskName>" Import a CSV File:
Copy PS C:\> $Data = Import-Csv -Path <PathToCsv> Export Data to a CSV File:
Copy PS C:\> $Data | Export-Csv -Path <PathToCsv> -NoTypeInformation Get a List of User Profiles:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject Win32_UserProfile | Select-Object Special, LocalPath Remove a User Profile:
Copy PS C:\> Get-WmiObject Win32_UserProfile | Where-Object { $_.Special -eq $false and $_.LocalPath -match "<UserName>" } | ForEach-Object { $_.Delete() } Check Firewall Status:
Copy PS C:\> Get-NetFirewallProfile | Select-Object Name, Enabled